Ludwig Blochberger was born in 1982 in East Berlin into a theatrical family. His father, the actor and director Lutz Blochberger, and his mother, the puppeteer Gitta Blochberger, were students at the "Ernst Busch" Academy of Dramatic Arts in Berlin at the time. In 1984, the family moved to Dresden, where Blochberger attended the Kreuzschule of the Dresdner Kreuzchor for one year in 1991. In 1992, he went to Vienna and became a member of the Vienna Boys' Choir. He remained a part of the traditional choir until 1995—a formative period during which he received intensive musical training and gained early experience on international stages through concert tours to Japan, Australia, and the USA. He made his acting debut in 1995 at the open-air festival in Chur in Georg Büchner's Woyzeck (directed by Felix Benesch). Engagements at the Burgtheater in Vienna followed, including the role of Prince Edward III in Christopher Marlowe's Edward II (directed by Claus Peymann).

In 1999, Blochberger returned to Berlin. In 2000, he played the role of Jakob Glücksleben in Maienschlager (directed by Hans-Joachim Frank) at theater 89 and appeared that same year alongside Armin Mueller-Stahl in the TV trilogy Die Manns - Ein Jahrhundertroman (directed by Heinrich Breloer). In 2001, he began his acting studies at the Ernst Busch Academy of Dramatic Arts in Berlin, graduating in 2005. While still in training, he took on a leading role in the television film Der Vater meiner Schwester (directed by Christoph Stark), which premiered at the Munich Film Festival and earned him a nomination for the Undine Award as "Best Young Character Actor." Film projects followed, such as Summer Storm (directed by Marco Kreuzpaintner) and the Oscar-winning drama The Lives of Others (directed by Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck). In 2005, Blochberger appeared several times in Tatort, including the Frankfurt episode Tatort: Leerstand (directed by Niki Stein). In the feature film The Last Train (directed by Joseph Vilsmaier and Dana Vávrová), he portrayed SS-Obersturmführer Crewes, who escorts one of the last deportation trains to Auschwitz.

A close artistic collaboration linked him with director Hans Neuenfels starting in 2005. At the RuhrTriennale, Blochberger played the composer Franz Schubert in Schumann, Schubert und der Schnee. Further works followed at the Komische Oper Berlin (The Magic Flute), at the Münchner Volkstheater (Baal, title role, 2007), and in 2020 at the Vienna State Opera in Mozart's The Abduction from the Seraglio. Also in 2007, he took on the lead role in the world premiere of Rolf Hochhuth's play Heil Hitler! (directed by Lutz Blochberger). In addition to fictional roles, Blochberger repeatedly portrayed historical figures, including Wernher von Braun, Sebastian Haffner, Helmut Schmidt, Pope Innocent III, and in 2023 Rudolf Höß in A World Devided (directed by Olga Chajdas). From 2014 to 2017, he played Inspector Riwal in the crime series Kommissar Dupin*. From 2015, he was part of the main cast of the ZDF series The Old Fox (Der Alte) as Inspector Tom Kupfer, which he left in May 2022. In 2024, Blochberger filmed the international drama series *Kabul* (directed by Olga Chajdas and Kasia Adamik), which celebrated its world premiere in competition at the Series Mania festival in Lille. Since 2024, he has also been developing his own stage formats, including the concert reading The Book of Those Killed by Neil Young based on Navid Kermani. In 2025, Manfred Krug: Defected premiered at the Renaissance-Theater Berlin—a musical-literary revue based on the bestseller by Manfred Krug, in which Blochberger, together with the "Goin’ Out West Quintet," combines autobiographical texts with Krug's songs.